COVID-19 mitigation measures increase preterm birth and low birth weight in the public healthcare system in Uruguay.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on preterm birth (PB) and low birth weight (LBW), comparing public and private healthcare systems of the National Integrated Health System in Uruguay, where the mitigation measures for the COVID-19 pandemic generated an immediate socioeconomic and psychological crisis, which caused a sharp widening of existing socioeconomic inequalities. METHODS: A national observational study was conducted comparing perinatal outcomes in the first 6 months of 2020 (period of the pandemic without pregnancy infections), which was the beginning of the pandemic, with the same period of the previous year 2019 (pre-pandemic period with no mitigation measures) among pregnant women from the public and private health systems. Data were retrieved from the national database (Informatic Perinatal System) and analyzed by healthcare system category. RESULTS: A total of 36 559 deliveries were assessed: 18 563 in the 2019 study period and 17 996 in the 2020 study period. In the public system, there was a significant increase in the risk of LBW (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.36) and of the composite outcome (PB or LBW) (aRR 1.15, 95% CI 1.04-1.26). In the private system, by contrast, there was a non-statistically significant decrease of LBW and there were no changes in the incidence of PB and the composite outcome in 2020. CONCLUSION: The different evolution of birth outcomes in the public and private systems suggests an unequal impact of mitigation measures on populations of different socioeconomic levels. Given that no COVID-19 infections were identified in pregnant women during the study period, this research offers an opportunity to differentiate the biologic effects of the virus from the psychological and social impacts derived from containment measures. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT05087160.

Comportamiento del Parto Pretérmino durante un período de crisis socioeconómica en los diferentes sectores sociales en Uruguay / Pretermina Delivery Behavior During a period of socioeconomic crisis in the different social sectors in Uruguay

Introducción : El parto de pretérmino (PP) es un síndrome complejo que se da en los diferentes sectores sociales con factores asociados diversos. En Uruguay los subsectores de atención -público y privado del Sistema nacional integrado de salud (SNIS) diferencian a los sectores sociales de acuerdo al poder adquisitivo y los determinantes sociales adversos. La prevalencia del PP ha variado en ambos subsectores en la última década de acuerdo a múltiples circunstancias, sin embargo, las crisis socioeconómicas afectan de manera diferente a los diferentes sectores sociales. Se puede evaluar esto por el impacto de la crisis socio económica aguda que afectó a las embarazadas en el periodo de la parapandemia COVID 19 antes del comienzo de la 1era ola de infecciones por el SARS - Cov2 en Uruguay. Objetivos: Analizar la prevalencia del PP de acuerdo al subsistema de asistencia de las mujeres embarazadas (público o privado) durante el periodo marzo - octubre 2020. Describir las principales características diferenciales de estas 2 poblaciones y su eventual relación con la prevalencia del PP. Metodología: estudio descriptivo de nacimientos pretérminos y caracterización de estos embarazos en los dos subsectores de salud, durante el 15 de marzo y el 30 de septiembre del 2020, mediante análisis de la base de datos nacional del SIP. Resultados : La incidencia de PP fue 11.4% en el subsector público y 9,6% en el sector privado, lo cual es significativo estadísticamente. El perfil de las madres de pretérmino en el subsector público tuvo mayor incidencia de adolescentes (22,3% vs 5,0%), consumo de alcohol (2,2% vs 0,7%) y violencia de género (1,3% vs 0,5%), mientras que en el subsector privado mayor incidencia de madres añosas (28,4% vs 18,2%), patologías maternas (85,9% vs 65,8%) y embarazo múltiple (18,8% vs 11,0%). Conclusiones: El perfil de la mujer asistida en el sector privado que tiene un PP es diferente al del sector público, lo que sugiere la existencia de 2 modelos de PP: el del sector público, relacionado con un medio socio económico adverso y vulneración de derechos, y otro, el del sector privado, donde no se aprecian estas vulneraciones de derechos. Esto tiene implicancias en el abordaje fisiopatológico, preventivo, diagnóstico y terapéutico del PP.

Introduction. Pretérmina delivery (PP) is a complex syndrome that occurs in different social sectors with diverse associated factors. In Uruguay, care subsectors -public and private from the National Integrated Health System (SNIS) differentiate social sectors according to purchasing power and adverse social determinants. The prevalence of the PP has varied in both subsectors in the last decade according to multiple circumstances, however, socioeconomic crises affect differently from the different social sectors. This can be evaluated due to the impact of the acute socio -economic crisis that affected the pregnant women in the Covid 19 parapandemics period before the start of the 1st wave of SARS - COV2 infections in Uruguay. Objectives: Analyze the prevalence of the PP according to the assistance subsystem of pregnant women (public or private) during the March - October 2020 period. Describe the main differential characteristics of these 2 populations and their eventual relationship with the prevalence of the PP. Methodology: Descriptive study of preterm births and characterization of these pregnancies in the two health subsectors, during March 15 and September 30, 2020, through analysis of the National Database of the SIP. Results: The incidence of PP was 11.4% in the public subsector and 9.6% in the private sector, which is statistically significant. The profile of preterm mothers in the public subsector had a greater incidence of adolescents (22.3% vs 5.0%), alcohol consumption (2.2% vs 0.7%) and gender violence (1.3 % vs 0.5%), while in the private subsector greater incidence of old mothers (28.4% vs. 18.2%), maternal pathologies (85.9% vs 65.8%) and multiple pregnancy (18, 8% vs 11.0%). Conclusions: The profile of the assisted woman in the private sector that has a PP is different from the public sector, which suggests the existence of 2 PP models: that of the public sector, related to an adverse socio -economic medium and violation of rights , and another, that of the private sector, where these violations of rights are not appreciated. This has implications in the pathophysiological, preventive, diagnosis and therapeutic approach of the PP.

Impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en el tiempo entre la detección de lesiones premalignas de cuello de útero y su tratamiento

Introducción: la pandemia por COVID-19 ha afectado la salud de la mujer y en particular a los derechos sexuales y reproductivos. En el contexto de cambios asistenciales por la pandemia COVID 19, podría verse afectado el tamizaje y seguimiento de las lesiones premalignas de los cánceres de cuello de útero (CCU), poniendo en riesgo su diagnóstico oportuno y tratamiento precoz. El objetivo de este estudio es reportar los tiempos transcurridos entre el resultado de screening patológico y el tratamiento de lesiones premalignas de CCU, cotejando con los plazos establecidos por la ordenanza ministerial vigente y comparando los tiempos observados antes y durante la pandemia. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, de corte transversal, mediante un análisis comparativo antes y después de la pandemia por COVID-19. Se incluyeron usuarias a quienes se les realizó conización quirúrgica en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell en dos períodos de tiempo: 1 de marzo de 2019 a 29 de febrero de 2020, y 1 de marzo de 2020 a 28 de febrero de 2021. Resultados: la media en días observada desde el PAP hasta la conización fue de 245 para el primer periodo y de 242 para el segundo. El porcentaje de pacientes que cumplen con la ordenanza ministerial en ambos períodos no supera el 5%. Conclusiones: no se evidenció una mayor demora en el seguimiento y tratamiento de estas usuarias durante la pandemia por COVID-19, sin embargo los tiempos observados superan ampliamente los establecidos por Ordenanza Ministerial en los periodos pre pandemia y durante la misma.

Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic has affected women's health in general, and in particular their sexual and reproductive rights. Within the context of changes in health care services due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the screening and follow up of cervical precancerous lesions could be affected, and in turn, this could prevent timely diagnosis and early treatment. This study aims to report the period of time be-tween pathological findings in screening tests and the treatment of precancerous lesions of cervical cancer, analyze it within the context of deadlines set in the Ministry of Health regulations in force, and compare it to pre-pandemic deadlines and time frames during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: observational, analytical and transversal study conducted by means of analyzing the situation before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The study included users who underwent surgical conization at the Pereira Rossell Hospital during two periods of time: Between March 1, 2019 and February 29, 2020 and between March 1, 2020 and February 28, 2021. Results: average number of days from the PAP test until conization was 245 days for the first period and 242 for the second one. The percentage of patients that comply with the Ministerial decree in both periods is lower than 5%. Conclusions: the study found time to treatment in the follow up and management of users did not increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the times ob-served widely exceed the deadlines set in the ministerial decree in both periods, that is before and during the pandemic.

Introdução: a pandemia de COVID-19 afetou a saúde das mulheres e em particular os direitos sexuais e reprodutivos. No contexto das mudanças na saúde devido à pandemia de COVID 19, o rastreamento e o acompanhamento das lesões pré-malignas do câncer de colo de útero (CCU) podem ser afetados, colocando em risco o diagnóstico oportuno e o tratamento precoce. Objetivo: descrever os tempos decorridos entre o resultado do rastreamento patológico e o tratamento das lesões pré-malignas do CCU, comparando-os com os períodos estabelecidos pela atual Portaria Ministerial, e comparar os tempos observados antes e durante a pandemia. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo observacional, analítico e transversal por meio de uma análise comparativa antes e após a pandemia de COVID19. Foram incluídos as usuárias que realizaram a conização cirúrgica no Hospital Pereira Rossell em dois períodos de tempo: 1º de março de 2019 a 29 de fevereiro de 2020 e 1º de março de 2020 a 28 de fevereiro de 2021. Resultados: a média de dias observados do PAP à conização foi de 245 para o primeiro período e 242 para o segundo. O percentual de pacientes que cumprem a Portaria Ministerial em ambos os períodos não ultrapassa 5%. Conclusões: não houve evidência de maior demora no acompanhamento e tratamento desses usuários durante a pandemia por COVID-19, porém os tempos observados superam em muito os estabelecidos por Portaria Ministerial nos períodos pré-pandemia e durante a mesma.

Effect of the unfavorable maternal-fetal environment cause by mitigation measures of the covid-19 pandemic in the public maternity of reference of Uruguay.

INTRODUCTION: The mitigation measures to face the health emergency due to the COVID 19 pandemic generated a deep economic, social, and psychological crisis at the community level. This effect is greater in the people, who are the most violated in their rights. In relation to the social crisis and gender perspective, women are particularly affected by the pandemic. Given the disadvantaged situation of women socially, economically, and politically, their self-care is diminished. OBJECTIVE: To identify whether there is an association between the classic risk factors for prematurity and fetal growth restriction and the increase in these pathologies in the period March-September 2020, in a maternity hospital that assists women from low resources. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study, with a comparative analysis of the periods between 15 March and 30 September 2019 and the same period in 2020. The data were obtained from an electronic clinical database. The prevalence of preterm birth and small-for-gestational age newborn was analyzed. Indicators available in the database that reflect maternal conditions that lead to an unfavorable maternal environment were selected and they were classified into categories. RESULTS: In the period of 2019, 3225 births were registered and in the period of 2020, 3036 births. In the 2019 period, 12.2% of prematurity was evidenced, while in the 2020 period, 14.5% (RR = 1.19, IC 95% = 1.05-1.35, p = .005). In relation to PEG 5.5% in the first period versus 6.9% in the second (RR = 1.26, CI 95% = 1.04-1.53, p = .01). No increases were found in the indicators that are traditionally related to the etiologies proposed to explain the increase in prematurity and small-for-age gestational, there was no evidence of an increase in inflammatory or vascular conditions. CONCLUSION: The economic, psychological and social crises, in the 1st semester of the health emergency, seriously affected the social determinants of the health of pregnant women who use the Public Maternity of reference in Uruguay. This situation is at the base of the poor perinatal results in the period of the maximum mediated mitigation of the pandemic.

[Factors that influence the uptake of pertussis vaccine in pregnant women in Uruguay]. / Factores que influyen en la adherencia a la vacuna contra la tosferina en mujeres embarazadas en Uruguay.

BACKGROUND: Since 2015, pertussis vaccine has been offered universally and free of charge to pregnant women in Uruguay. Although it is mandatory, vaccination coverage is not yet complete. AIM: To study the pertussis vaccination coverage in 2017 in pregnant women in two state hospitals and to search for barriere for uptaking the vaccine. METHODS: We conducted an observational, descriptive and transversal study, using a survey in patients undergoing immediate postpartum period. RESULTS: 884 surveys were analyzed (mean age 25.2 years; 16% teenagers, most of them in a relationship and incomplete high school). 317 women (36%) were vaccinated. Main barriere for uptaking Tdap vaccine were: teenage and being single were associated with a greater risk for the uptake. Not being aware of the vaccine mandatoriness and not being informed about its benefits were associated with 9,44 and 4 higher risks for not uptaking the vaccine (IC 95% 6.63-13.45 and IC 95% 2.43-6.41, respectively). Not believing in the benefits of pertussis vaccine during pregnancy was associated with 6.37 higher risk (OR 6.37; IC 95% 4.61-8.78). DISCUSSION: Most pregnant women in this study during 2017 did not uptake pertussis vaccine and did not have medical indication for it. The lack of information about the obligation and benefits, and also patients' beliefs about the vaccination were identified as barriere. Health professionals who treat pregnant women should recommend and inform about the benefits of pertussis vaccine for women and the infant, and create the necessary perception of risk, in order to improve the vaccination coverage.

Adecuación al flujograma PROA de neumonía aguda comunitaria en la emergencia del Hospital de Clínicas en 2019, Uruguay / Adaptation to the PROA flowchart for community acute pneumonia in the Hospital de Clínicas emergency in 2019, Uruguay / Adaptação ao fluxograma PROA para pneumonia aguda comunitária na emergência do Hospital de Clínicas em 2019, Uruguai

Resumen: Introducción: La resistencia antimicrobiana es uno de los principales problemas de salud pública mundial. Representa una causa importante de morbilidad en la población general y un elevado costo para los sistemas sanitarios. La Neumonía Aguda Comunitaria (NAC) representa una de las principales infecciones bacterianas en nuestro medio. Objetivo general: Evaluar la adecuación al flujograma del Programa de Optimización de Antimicrobianos (PROA) para el manejo de NAC en Departamento de Emergencia del Hospital de Clínicas (HC) entre julio y agosto de 2019. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, en el período de julio-agosto de 2019, en Departamento de Emergencia del Hospital de Clínicas. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años, que firmaron el consentimiento informado, diagnosticados con NAC, cumpliendo criterios clínicos e imagenológicos establecidos en el flujograma del PROA del Hospital de Clínicas. Se elaboró una base de datos diseñada a partir del flujograma. Resultados: Se incluyeron 51 pacientes para el análisis. La edad promedio fue 54 años, 28 eran mujeres. Las comorbilidades más prevalentes fueron: tabaquismo, consumo de pasta base de cocaína y alcoholismo, presentes en 51% de la muestra. Treinta y cinco pacientes presentaron criterios de severidad, predominando insuficiencia respiratoria en 71%. Un 43 % presentaron factores de riesgo para microorganismos multirresistentes. Se observó una adecuación al PROA de 41%. Discusión: La adecuación al tratamiento recomendado fue inferior a la descrita en otros trabajos. El principal problema fue una errónea clasificación en los grupos de riesgo propuestos en el flujograma, ocasionando la hospitalización de pacientes que debieron recibir tratamiento ambulatorio, recibiendo antibioticoterapia de mayor espectro. Conclusiones: La existencia de PROA hospitalarios permite realizar monitoreo de prácticas diagnósticas y prescripción de antimicrobianos. Se observó una inadecuada aplicación del flujograma, lo que determinó el uso de antibióticos de mayor espectro con riesgo potencial del desarrollo de resistencia.

Abstract: Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the main world public health problems. It represents an important cause of morbidity in general population and a high cost for health systems. Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) represents one of the main bacterial infections in our midst. Objective: To evaluate the adequacy of the Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) in the management of CAP in the Emergency Department of Hospital de Clínicas (HC) between July and August 2019. Materials and methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted from July-August 2019, in the Emergency Department of Hospital de Clínicas. Patients older than 18 years old were included, who signed the informed consent, diagnosed with CAP, fulfilling clinical and imaging criteria established in the flowchart. A database designed from the AMS flow chart of the Hospital de Clínicas was developed. Results: 51 patients were included for the analysis. The average age was 54 years, 28 were women. The most prevalent comorbidities were smoking, consumption of cocaine paste or alcoholism, present in 51% of the sample. Thirty-five patients presented severity criteria, prevailing respiratory failure in 71%. Risk factors for multiresistant microorganisms was 43%. PROA adequacy of 41.2% was observed. Discussion: The adequacy to the recommended treatment was lower than that described in other papers. The main problem was an erroneous classification in the risk groups proposed in the flowchart, causing hospitalization of patients who had to receive treatment at home, receiving broader spectrum antibiotic therapy. Conclusions: The existence of hospital stewardships allows monitoring of diagnostic practices and antimicrobial prescription. Inadequate application of the flow chart was observed, which determined the use of broader spectrum antibiotics with potential risk of developing resistance.

Resumo: Introdução: A resistência antimicrobiana é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública global. Representa uma das principais causas de morbidade na população em geral e um alto custo para os sistemas de saúde. A Pneumonia Aguda Comunitária (PAC) representa uma das principais infecções bacterianas em nosso meio. Objetivo: Avaliar a adequação do fluxograma do Programa de Otimização de Antimicrobianos (PROA) para o gerenciamento do PAC no Pronto Atendimento do Hospital de Clínicas (HC) entre julho e agosto de 2019. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, transversal, no período de julho a agosto de 2019, no Pronto-Socorro do Hospital de Clínicas. Foram incluídos pacientes maiores de 18 anos, que assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, com diagnóstico de PAC, que preenchessem os critérios clínicos e de imagem estabelecidos no fluxograma do PROA do Hospital de Clínicas. Um banco de dados projetado a partir do fluxograma foi desenvolvido. Resultados: 51 pacientes foram incluídos para análise. A idade média era de 54 anos, 28 eram mulheres. As comorbidades mais prevalentes foram: tabagismo, consumo de pasta base de cocaína e etilismo, presentes em 51% da amostra. Trinta e cinco pacientes apresentaram critérios de gravidade, predominando insuficiência respiratória em 71%. 43% apresentaram fatores de risco para microrganismos multirresistentes. Observou-se adequação ao PROA de 41%. Discussão: A adequação ao tratamento recomendado foi inferior ao descrito em outros estudos. O principal problema era uma classificação errônea nos grupos de risco propostos no fluxograma, ocasionando a internação de pacientes que precisavam receber tratamento ambulatorial, recebendo antibioticoterapia de maior espectro. Conclusões: A existência de PROAs hospitalares permite o monitoramento das práticas diagnósticas e prescrição de antimicrobianos. Observou-se uma aplicação inadequada do fluxograma, que determinou o uso de antibióticos de maior espectro e com potencial risco de desenvolvimento de resistência.

Factores que influyen en la adherencia a la vacuna contra la tosferina en mujeres embarazadas en Uruguay / Factors that influence the uptake of pertussis vaccine in pregnant women in Uruguay

INTRODUCCIÓN: Desde 2015 se ofrece la vacunación contra tosferina de modo universal y gratuito a mujeres embarazadas del Uruguay. Si bien es obligatoria, la cobertura vacunal, aún no es completa. OBJETIVOS: Conocer la prevalencia de mujeres embarazadas de dos hospitales públicos de Uruguay que recibieron vacuna dpaT en 2017 y determinar posibles factores que influyen en la adherencia a vacunarse. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo, mediante encuestas a pacientes cursando puerperio inmediato. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 884 encuestas (edad promedio 25,2 años; 16% adolescentes; la mayoría en pareja y educación secundaria incompleta). Se vacunaron 317 mujeres (36%). Dentro de los factores que se asociaron a la no vacunación se destacan: adolescencia (OR 1,88; IC 95% 1,24-2,85), no tener pareja (OR 1,40; IC 95% 1,04-1,85), no conocer la obligatoriedad de la vacuna (OR 9,44; IC 95% 6,63-13,45), no haber sido informada sobre los beneficios de la vacuna (OR 4; IC 95% 2,43-6,41) y no creer en el beneficio de las vacunas en el embarazo (OR 6,37; IC 95% 4,61-8,78). DISCUSIÓN: La mayoría de las mujeres embarazadas no recibieron la vacuna dpaT ni tuvieron indicación médica. La falta de información sobre la obligatoriedad y su beneficio, y las creencias con respecto a la vacunación se asociaron a una disminución en la adherencia a la misma. Los profesionales de la salud que atienden mujeres gestantes deben recomendar e informar sobre el beneficio de la vacunación para ellas y el neonato y generar la percepción de riesgo necesaria, como una de las medidas para mejorar la cobertura vacunal.

BACKGROUND: Since 2015, pertussis vaccine has been offered universally and free of charge to pregnant women in Uruguay. Although it is mandatory, vaccination coverage is not yet complete. AIM: To study the pertussis vaccination coverage in 2017 in pregnant women in two state hospitals and to search for barriere for uptaking the vaccine. METHODS: We conducted an observational, descriptive and transversal study, using a survey in patients undergoing immediate postpartum period. RESULTS: 884 surveys were analyzed (mean age 25.2 years; 16% teenagers, most of them in a relationship and incomplete high school). 317 women (36%) were vaccinated. Main barriere for uptaking Tdap vaccine were: teenage and being single were associated with a greater risk for the uptake. Not being aware of the vaccine mandatoriness and not being informed about its benefits were associated with 9,44 and 4 higher risks for not uptaking the vaccine (IC 95% 6.63-13.45 and IC 95% 2.43-6.41, respectively). Not believing in the benefits of pertussis vaccine during pregnancy was associated with 6.37 higher risk (OR 6.37; IC 95% 4.61-8.78). DISCUSSION: Most pregnant women in this study during 2017 did not uptake pertussis vaccine and did not have medical indication for it. The lack of information about the obligation and benefits, and also patients' beliefs about the vaccination were identified as barriere. Health professionals who treat pregnant women should recommend and inform about the benefits of pertussis vaccine for women and the infant, and create the necessary perception of risk, in order to improve the vaccination coverage.

Manejo de la Cetoacidosis Diabética en un hospital universitario de Montevideo en el período Junio - Setiembre de 2015

Resumen: Introducción: La cetoacidosis diabética es una complicación aguda frecuente y seria de la diabetes mellitus, suponiendo 5% de su mortalidad. Existe evidencia internacional que la adherencia a las guías de tratamiento de la cetoacidosis diabética, disminuye su morbimortalidad y que no existe un cumplimiento riguroso de dichas guías. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la adecuación a las pautas de tratamiento de la cetoacidosis diabética de la American Diabetes Association, en la puerta de emergencia. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo del tratamiento realizado en la emergencia de un Hospital universitario de Montevideo a los pacientes con diagnóstico de cetoacidosis diabética, entre junio y setiembre de 2015. Se comparó la terapéutica aplicada con el protocolo de manejo propuesto por la American Diabetes Association en 2009. Resultados: Un total de 17 casos fueron incluidos en el análisis. El diagnóstico fue correcto en 9 pacientes, el tratamiento en la primera hora fue completo en 7 pacientes y la monitorización paraclínica en las primeras 6 horas fue completa en 3 pacientes. Conclusión: Se evidenció adecuación aceptable a las guías en la mayoría de los casos.

Abstract: Introduction: Diabetic ketoacidosis is a frequent and serious acute complication of diabetes mellitus, accounting for 5% of its mortality. There is international evidence that adherence to the treatment guidelines for diabetic ketoacidosis decreases its morbidity and mortality and that there is no rigorous compliance with these guidelines. The objective of the study was to evaluate the adequacy of the diabetic ketoacidosis treatment guidelines of the American Diabetes Association, at the emergency door. Methodology: A descriptive observational study was carried out on the treatment carried out in the emergency room of a Montevideo university hospital for patients diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis, between June and September 2015. The applied therapy was compared with the management protocol proposed by the American Diabetes Association in 2009. Results: A total of 17 cases were included in the analysis. The diagnosis was correct in 9 patients, the treatment in the first hour was complete in 7 patients and the paraclinical monitoring in the first 6 hours was complete in 3 patients. Conclusion: Acceptable adequacy to the guidelines was evidenced in most cases.

Resumo: Introdução: A cetoacidose diabética é uma complicação aguda frequente e grave do diabetes mellitus, sendo responsável por 5% de sua mortalidade. Há evidências internacionais de que a adesão às diretrizes de tratamento para cetoacidose diabética diminui sua morbidade e mortalidade e que não há conformidade rigorosa com essas diretrizes. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a adequação das diretrizes de tratamento da cetoacidose diabética da American Diabetes Association, na porta de emergência. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo sobre o tratamento realizado no pronto-socorro de um hospital universitário de Montevidéu para pacientes com diagnóstico de cetoacidose diabética, entre junho e setembro de 2015. A terapia aplicada foi comparada com o protocolo de manejo proposto pela American Diabetes Association em 2009. Resultados: Um total de 17 casos foram incluídos na análise. O diagnóstico foi correto em 9 pacientes, o tratamento na primeira hora foi completo em 7 pacientes e o monitoramento paraclínico nas primeiras 6 horas foi completo em 3 pacientes. Conclusão: A adequação aceitável às diretrizes foi evidenciada na maioria dos casos.

Abordaje obstétrico integral de la prematurez y restricción del crecimiento fetal y su relación con las enfermedades crónicas del adulto / Obstetric comprehensive approach to pre-term birth and growth restriction and its relationship with chronic adult diseases / Abordagem obstétrica integral da prematuridade e restrição do crecimiento fetal e sua relação com as doenças crônicas do adulto

Resumen: Los síndromes obstétricos de parto de pretérmino (PP) y restricción de crecimiento fetal (RCIU) comparten mecanismos etiopatogénicos y fisiopatológicos que muchas veces interactúan y se retroalimentan. Desde el punto de vista etiológico, las condiciones específicas que los generan esquemáticamente se pueden clasificar en inflamación, estrés materno, déficit en las condiciones socioeconómicas y vulnerabilidad de derechos, actuación de disruptores endocrinos, alteraciones de la dieta y de la microbiota y afecciones vasculares. Estas condiciones, actuando aislada o más frecuentemente combinadamente, generan un entorno materno desfavorable para el desarrollo del embarazo provocando efectos específicos como son la reacción inmune materna, mediada o no por la presencia de infecciones, la activación del eje hipotálamo-hipófiso-adrenal, la disminución de la acción de la progesterona, las disbiosis, tanto intestinales como vaginales, y la disfunción por envejecimiento placentario. El entorno desfavorable así generado impactará en la unidad útero-placento-fetal, produciendo, bien el PP o bien el RCIU, de acuerdo a la primacía de diferentes respuestas; independientemente de cuál de las respuestas sindromáticas predomine, ambos, el PP y el RCIU, tienen en común el desarrollo del feno-genotipo ahorrador, imprescindible para la sobrevida fetal. El costo de esta modulación epigenética es el aumento de las enfermedades crónicas del adulto, que conceptualmente son enfermedades transmisibles por la vulnerabilidad social donde se desarrolla el ciclo de vida de esas personas.

Summary: Preterm birth and growth restriction are obstetric syndromes which share etiopathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms that often interact and feed from each other. Etiologically, they may be classified into inflammation, maternal stress, low socio-economic background and vulnerability of rights, endocrine disruptors, diet and microbiota alterations and vascular conditions, depending on specific conditions. These conditions, either in isolation or more often combined, create an unfavorable environment for the development of pregnancy, causing specific effects such as maternal immune response that may be mediated by infections, the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, drop in progesterone levels, dysbiosis, both intestinal and vaginal, and placental dysfunction caused by ageing. The unfavorable environment has an impact on the utero-feto-placental unit resulting in either preterm birth of growth restriction, depending on the predominance of the different responses. Regardless of the prevailing syndromic response, both preterm birth and growth restriction share the development of the thrifty pheno-genotype, essential for fetal survival. The cost of this epigenetic modulation is an increase in chronic adult diseases, which, conceptually, are transmissible diseases due to social vulnerability where these people live.

Resumo: As síndromes obstétricas de parto de pré-termo (PP) e de restrição do crescimento fetal (RCIU) compartem mecanismos etiopatogênicos e fisiopatológicos, que muitas vezes interagem e se retroalimentam. Do ponto de vista da etiologia, as condições específicas que as geram podem ser classificadas esquematicamente em inflamação, estresse materno, déficit nas condições socio econômicas e vulnerabilidade de direitos, ação de disruptores endócrinos, alterações da dieta e da microbiota e afecções vasculares. Estas condições, agindo de forma isolada ou mais frequentemente combinada, geram um ambiente materno desfavorável para o desenvolvimento da gravidez provocando efeitos específicos como a reação imune materna, mediada ou não pela presença de infecções, a ativação do eixo hipotálamo - hipófiso - adrenal, a diminuição da ação da progesterona, as disbioses, tanto intestinais como vaginais e a disfunção por envelhecimento placentário. Esse ambiente desfavorável impactará na unidade útero-placento-fetal, produzindo PP ou RCIU, de acordo com a preferência de diferentes respostas. Independentemente de qual das respostas sindromáticas predomine, ambos PP e RCIU, têm em comum o desenvolvimento do feno-genótipo poupador, imprescindível para a sobrevida fetal. O custo desta modulação epigenética é o aumento das doenças crônicas do adulto, que conceitualmente, são patologias transmissíveis pela vulnerabilidade social na qual o ciclo de vida dessas pessoas se desenvolve.

Osteogénesis imperfecta y embarazo: reporte de un caso / Osteogenesis imperfecta and pregnancy: a case report

La osteogénesis imperfecta (OI) pertenece al grupo de enfermedades raras, dada su baja incidencia mundial. Esta dolencia consiste en una formación inadecuada del hueso, cuya principal consecuencia, desde el punto de vista clínico, es la tendencia a fracturas patológicas por excesiva fragilidad ósea, lo que lleva, muchas veces, a una calidad de vida limitada en las personas afectadas, con deformidades e invalidez. Para el diagnóstico prenatal de esta enfermedad, se emplean procedimientos invasivos, y no invasivos que permiten realizar el diagnóstico a edades gestacionales tempranas. Presentaremos el caso de una paciente vista en el Hospital de Rivera, de 35 años, portadora de osteogénesis imperfecta tipo IV, que curso su segunda gestación, con sospecha prenatal y confirmación diagnóstica al nacimiento de misma patología en el recién nacido.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) belongs to the group of rare diseases due to its low incidence in the world population. It is a disorder which involves an inadequate bone formation that, from the clinical point of view, mainly leads to pathological fractures caused by extremely brittle bones. This frequently causes affected people to have a limited quality of life because of deformities and disability. Before birth, there are both invasive and noninvasive procedures that allow us to diagnose the disorder at early gestational ages. This is the case of a 35-year-old patient treated at the Hospital de Rivera, who had OI type IV and was pregnant with her second child. The same condition was suspected prenatally in the baby and subsequently confirmed at birth.

Tertiary-level study of the implementation of a technique checklist for cesarean deliveries at a university hospital in Uruguay.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the adherence of healthcare providers to cesarean-delivery techniques before and after the introduction of a technique checklist at a university hospital. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional cohort study included data from all cesarean deliveries at Gynecology Clinic B of the University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay, between January 1 and December 31, 2011. The data were grouped based on whether delivery occurred before or after the implementation of the checklist and were compared across a range of cesarean-delivery techniques. RESULTS: Data from 296 cesarean deliveries were included; 130 from before implementation and 166 from after. After the implementation of the checklist, complete adherence to all techniques was observed in 28 (16.9%) deliveries. Following the introduction of the checklist, the odds of prophylactic cefazolin (OR 8.35, 95% CI 3.74-20.9), chlorhexidine (OR 8.98, 95% CI 3.72-23.7), cord traction for the third stage of labor (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.33-3.85), and double-layer hysterorrhaphy (OR 3.65, 95% CI 2.09-6.55) being properly applied increased compared with before the implementation of the checklist. CONCLUSIONS: Overall adherence to the prescribed techniques was low. The implementation of this checklist improved the odds of several techniques being applied by between two- and eight-fold.

Uso de rituximab en trombocitopenia inmune: experiencia en el Hospital de Clínicas / Use of rituximab in immune thrombocytopenia at the University Hospital

Introducción: rituximab es un anticuerpo monoclonal que se une específicamente al antígeno CD20 expresado en los linfocitos B. El uso de rituximab en el tratamiento de la trombocitopenia inmune refractaria no se encuentra aprobado en su ficha técnica. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas, la respuesta terapéutica y los aspectos vinculados a la seguridad con el uso de rituximab en los pacientes con trombocitopenia inmune refractaria asistidos en la Cátedra de Hematología del Hospital de Clínicas y revisar la evidencia sobre el beneficio clínico esperado en este grupo de pacientes. Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de los pacientes con trombocitopenia inmune refractaria asistidos en la Cátedra de Hematología del Hospital de Clínicas a quienes se les prescribió rituximab. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed sobre el uso de rituximab en este tipo de patología. Resultados: se trataron cuatro pacientes con trombocitopenia inmune refractaria con rituximab. Se obtuvo respuesta en tres de cuatro pacientes. La media de tiempo de respuesta fue 9,25 semanas. La respuesta se ha mantenido en los tres pacientes. No se registraron efectos adversos durante la perfusión de rituximab. La evidencia publicada se limita a estudios observacionales, en adultos, con pocos pacientes, habiendo mostrado respuestas favorables. Conclusiones: existen limitaciones en la evidencia sobre el tratamiento de la trombocitopenia inmune refractaria, pero rituximab constituye una alternativa efectiva. Es indispensable la integración clínica para monitorizar la efectividad y seguridad del uso de anticuerpos monoclonales, especialmente en indicaciones no aprobadas...